In which type of building can a fire extend directly from the basement to the attic without any obvious signs on any other floor?

The correct choice is balloon frame construction. This type of building is characterized by long, continuous vertical studs that run from the foundation to the roof, allowing for an uninterrupted vertical void within the walls. This design can create a pathway for fire to travel directly from the basement to the attic. As the fire spreads through these concealed spaces, it may do so without producing visible signs on the floors in between, making it particularly hazardous.

In contrast, bowstring truss structures often have more distinct fire stops that limit the vertical spread of flames. Split plan designs feature more compartmentalized layouts, which usually provide barriers that contain fire and smoke. Meanwhile, metal stud buildings typically use non-combustible materials that can further inhibit fire spread compared to wood frames, making them less likely candidates for direct vertical fire extension as seen in balloon frame construction.